proton motive force การใช้

• A proton motive force is generated using only the quinone pool.
• This proton motive force then drives ATP synthesis.
• ATP, not the proton motive force, appears to be required for NR uptake.
• In all cases, however, a proton motive force is generated and used to drive ATP production via an ATPase.
• Rest two electrons are used to generate a proton motive force and reduce NAD ( P ) through reverse electron transport.
• These two proteins form pores that harvest energy for flagellar mechanical movement by proton motive force ( PMF ) across the membrane.
• Reducing power in the form of quinones and NADH is produced during these oxidations to produce a proton motive force and therefore ATP generation.
• This creates a proton motive force that is the net effect of a pH gradient and an electric potential gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
• This builds up a proton motive force that is used by ATP synthase to produce ADP and phosphate . The ATP is finally used in biosynthesis.
• Biochemically, aerobic iron oxidation is a very energetically poor process which therefore requires large amounts of iron to be oxidized by the enzyme rusticyanin to facilitate the formation of proton motive force.
• This uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, and the energy from the proton motive force is dissipated as heat rather than producing ATP from ADP, which would store chemical energy for the body's use.
• In mitochondria and chloroplasts, proton gradients are used to generate a "'chemiosmotic potential "'that is also known as a "'proton motive force " '.
• Experiments with several antimicrobials support the hypothesis that the full activity of Lys44 requires sudden ion-nonspecific dissipation of the proton motive force, an event undertaken by the fOg44 holin in the phage infection context.
• This system has been proposed to follow a dissipative allosteric model, in which rotational switching is a result of both CheY binding and energy consumption from the proton motive force, which also powers the flagellar rotation.
• Transport of protons from the cytosol to the vacuole stabilizes cytoplasmic pH, while making the vacuolar interior more acidic creating a proton motive force which the cell can use to transport nutrients into or out of the vacuole.
• The rotational speed of flagella varies in response to the intensity of the proton motive force, thereby permitting certain forms of speed control, and also permitting some types of bacteria to attain remarkable speeds in proportion to their size; some achieve roughly 60 cell lengths per second.
• Cyanobacteria ( and by extension, chloroplasts ) use the Z scheme of electron flow in which electrons eventually are used to form NADH . Two different reaction centers ( photosystems ) are used and proton motive force is generated both by using cyclic electron flow and the quinone pool.
• This change in both the pH and electrochemical potential gradient between the inside of the cell and the outside produces a proton motive force, as the protons will want to naturally flow back into the area of low concentration and with a voltage closer to zero from their current situation of being in an area of high concentration of positively charged protons.
• Sodium hydrogen antiporters, such as NHEDC2, convert the proton motive force established by the respiratory chain or the F1F0 mitochondrial ATPase into sodium gradients that drive other energy-requiring processes, transduce environmental signals into cell responses, or function in drug efflux ( Xiang et al ., 2007 [ PubMed 18000046 ] ) . [ supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008 ].
• Hypothetical metabolic pathways and reversed electron transport in the anammoxosome . ( a ) Anammox catabolism that uses nitrite as the electron acceptor for the creation of a proton motive force over the anammoxosomal membrane . ( b ) Proton motive force-driven reversed electron transport combines central catabolism with nitrate reductase ( NAR ) to generate ferredoxin for carbon dioxide reduction in the acetyl-CoA pathway.